Lead concentrations ranged between 0. Mercury concentrations ranged between 0. The study showed also that most farmers do not apply crop rotation and they lack the information and knowledge needed for the application of pesticides and fertilizers 1. Other human activities are covered in this study. But it causes a variety of miscellaneous hazards in the properties of soil in agricultural areas, which in turn it depends on a variety of complex and interrelated factors, like chemical and physical properties of soil, climate, nature of biological process in the soil, systems used in agriculture whether primitive or modern applications , intense machinery uses, type of applications whether irrigated or dry farming, degree of use of fertilizers and pesticides, and cultural and social level Ahaway, These intensive agricultural activities also caused a high degree of pollution of agricultural lands due to the application of pesticides and fertilizers in order to increase productivity.
But this intensive application reached in many instances the underground and surface water as well Camerlynch and Velghe, More over the pollution of surface water or underground water by Nitrite increased due to the continuous adding amount of nitrogenous fertilizer Hallberg, The continued addition of fertilizer to the soil resulted in increased content of heavy metals in form of impurities mixed with fertilizer, although the amount of pollution may be little, but this may contribute to the accumulative effects in plants, including the alteration of water content Swaine, Fascicule 1 ISSN — chemical fertilizers and pesticides to protect this important agricultural areas from pollution and to protect the people themselves who consume the contaminated agricultural products from the risk of these chemical compounds.
This study aimed to investigate, the degree of contamination in this agricultural area by heavy metals because of the concomitant intensification of the use of fertilizers and pesticides, also aims to identify how farmers deal with these chemicals and to assess the adherence to proper methods of use and there knowledge about the environmental damage caused by the bad use.
STUDY AREA The study area is located at the north-east part of Libya at an important locality of AL-Jabal EL- Akhdar mountain, at an elevation between and meters above the sea level, and extends along the coastal road link between EL-Baida and Derna cities, the length of the region is around 44 km and its width varies between 3 to 10 kilometers.
Coordinates 19 - east and - 33 north, there are about Farms in the region, each has an area not less than 25 hectares. The soil belongs to the order Mollisols which is widespread in dry and sub-humid regions and it is classified under Rendolls class, which is rich in Calcium carbonate and is immature and does not have a deep profile on the prospects for Ben Mahmoud, The farms are distributed through wide area of rocky lands. Average annual temperature in the study area is about 18 degrees Celsius.
December, January and February are the rainy and coldest months of the year, with temperatures that sometimes reach zero on cold nights during winter, the temperature rise gradually during spring to reach its highest degrees during summer.
July, August and September are the warmest months of the year, the temperature sometimes exceed 35 degrees Celsius on hot days during summer. The prevailing wind is North and North-West especially in summer. The rain is considered the most important phenomenon in the region, while Frost, Snow are rare. The sources of data for this research were as follow: 3. The obtained data was tabulated and statistically analyzed using statistical package SPSS.
The value of electrical conductivity ranged between 0. As shown by chemical analysis, presence of significant proportions of heavy metals Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Mercury because of the intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides over long period of time.
That may be due to high addition rate of phosphate fertilizer, most farmers are using ammonium di-phosphate fertilizer in order to increase soil fertility. According to Hann and Adriano, the increase rate of nitrous or phosphate fertilizer emancipate soil cadmium. The amount of emancipation amount depends on the properties of soil and rate of biological activity. Boo also found that phosphate fertilizers are always the source of soil pollution by many heavy metals such as Cadmium.
Lead in soil on the study area exceeds the limits of 0. As the proportion of Mercury in the soil of the study area exceeds the limits of 0. The times interval of the application of this pesticide by Farmers varies between 1 to 10 times a year.
The proportion of Copper in the soil also exceeds the limits of 0. Heavy metals measurements The trend of farmers towards the irrigated agriculture which has necessitated the increased use of fertilizers to improve soil fertility, and increasing the use of chemical pesticides for pest control which has spread due to the expansion of irrigated agriculture, and the planting of new kinds of crops in this region.
This refers to the spread of the pests in this region. Fascicule 1 ISSN — lack of expertise and knowledge of pesticides and fertilizers and the proper ways to deal with. Also the study clarified that about 6. The striking thing is only 0. Using the fertilizers by Farmers Figure 3. Fascicule 1 ISSN — The percentage of Farmers who are equipped and able to measure and control the application of fertilizers and pesticides is only 0. It was also found that 1.
It is clear that the region's farmers do not use other methods to control pests such as the use of crops rotations to overcome the spread of pests, or use of biological treatment, or planting specific kinds of crops that have high resistance against pests, which spread in this region. The main type of fertilizers used by Farmers is Urea at the rate of 0. It has been observed during this study that the Farmers in this area did not follow crop rotations, due to the lack of awareness, and there were lack of any official role control, which also mentioned by Brullo, The limited knowledge and education of farmers, and the absence and the lack of standards, both to control the production, pest control or regulate the rest of agricultural activities.
However, farmers continue to use pesticides and in increasing quantities. In this paper, the effort has been made to examine the health hazards caused due to the use of chemicals in agriculture and also its impact on the environment and human health.
Insects and plant compete with human for biological use of crops and animals. Pesticides and Fertilizers are widely used in the agricultural production to prevent or reduce losses pests and improve quantity of the produce. There are also many other benefits that may be attributed to pesticides which can be considered as an economic, labor —saving, and tool of pest control.
Extensive use of pesticides have serious concerns about health risks arising from the exposure of farmers while applying pesticides or working in treated fields. With most pesticides, the longer you are exposed the greater the chance of harm. Risk depends on the age, gender, individual sensitivity, or other factors.
Though pesticides are used to harm only the target pest, but they also harm people or the environment. Children are more sensitive to pesticides than adults. They breathe in more air and eat more food relative to their body size.
Also their developing bodies may not break down some chemicals as effectively as adults. Farmers and labor have poor knowledge of the risks associated with the pesticides, and rarely take necessary precautions. There are thousands of different pesticides in use today. Pesticides are used in houses, shops, offices, storerooms, gardens, farms and in many other places.
Most of the pesticides used today are chemicals. Pesticides are quite hazardous, as they can be harmful to humans and other living things. They contaminate land, the air, food crops, water ways, animals and human. In addition to being hazardous to the user, pesticides can also cause great harm and sometimes death to a person or other living things nearby. Also, if there is any pesticide on our hands it can get into the body when the hands are licked, when the face is wiped near the mouth.
II Respiratory entry Pesticide sprays, vapors or powders enters the human body through breathing. They nearly kill all target pest and they do it very quickly.
Application of these pest controls is easy especially in agriculture, does not require any training etc. This has led to the large production of food grain worldwide. Use of pesticides or chemical treatment eradicate the pest organism in very successful manner but still it is short term solution and has highly damaging side affect.
In natural food chain systems plants are eaten by animals. These animals are in turn eaten by other animals, which are eaten by other animals, and so on. Along the food chain there are many different ways pesticides can accidentally contaminate animals and plants which could then be eaten by humans. Pesticides can enter the food chain at different points. After an insect pest has been killed by a pesticide the chemical may stay in its body and still be active.
The second animal may of course be eaten by a third animal and it too could be harmed by the pesticide and so on. Pesticides are designed to kill and utmost care must be taken when using them, so that non-target animals and plants are not killed. For example, if a house is being sprayed for cockroaches it is important not to harm any of the adults, children and pets such as dogs and cats who may live there and it is also important that every effort is made to protect the rest of the environment.
Some pesticides are very poisonous and will last in the environment for a long time where they can poison the land, the water and the air.
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